Swimming Pools Guide

Swimming Pools Guide: Easy Planning, Sizing, and Maintenance for Beginners

Planning a swimming pool can be a huge task, especially if you’re just starting. Whether you’re dreaming of an above-ground pool or something more permanent, it’s easy to get overwhelmed by all the options, from picking the right size to understanding construction details.

Many beginners also struggle with pool maintenance and safety, unsure of how to properly care for their investment or keep it secure for family and guests. Don’t worry—you’re not alone! This guide is designed to break everything down for you.

We’ll cover all the basics, like how to plan your pool, choose the right size, and maintain it effortlessly, so you can confidently enjoy your new oasis.

Introduction to Swimming Pool Planning

Planning a swimming pool can be both exciting and overwhelming. Whether you’re looking at an above-ground or in-ground option, there’s a lot to consider, especially when it comes to construction. The goal is to ensure your pool fits your needs without causing unnecessary stress down the road. Starting with the right plan will make all the difference, and knowing the details beforehand is key.

Understanding Pool Planning Construction

Building a pool involves more than just digging a hole and filling it with water. From selecting materials to ensuring proper drainage, pool planning construction requires careful thought. It’s essential to have a well-structured plan that includes your pool’s size, shape, and location, as well as local regulations. This is where having a pool planning checklist comes in handy. Every decision you make at this stage will have long-term effects, so think carefully.

Pool Plan Details for Beginners

For first-time pool planners, understanding the details can feel like learning a new language. What kind of filtration system do you need? How much space should be left around the pool for safety and comfort? These are just a few of the questions you’ll need to answer. Beginners often struggle with figuring out the right balance between cost, functionality, and aesthetics. But don’t let that scare you off—once the basic details are covered, the process becomes much more manageable. As the saying goes: “Slow and steady wins the race.”

Above-Ground vs. In-Ground Pools: Key Differences

Choosing between an above-ground and in-ground pool is one of the first decisions you’ll face. Above-ground pools are often cheaper and quicker to install, making them a popular choice for families on a budget. On the other hand, in-ground pools offer more customization options and tend to last longer. The decision will ultimately come down to your budget, yard size, and how permanent you want the pool to be. Each has its pros and cons, and understanding them will help you make an informed decision.

Key differences between Above-Ground Pools and In-Ground Pools to make the comparison easier:

Common Beginner Mistakes to Avoid

Many beginners make the mistake of underestimating the planning phase. Rushing into construction without a clear understanding of the project can lead to costly errors, like choosing the wrong materials or overlooking essential safety measures.

Another common issue is neglecting maintenance—many new pool owners think they can handle it on the fly, only to find out it requires regular attention. Avoiding these pitfalls early on will save you time and money in the long run.

Types of Swimming Pools

Above-Ground vs. In-Ground Pools

When deciding between an above-ground and in-ground pool, it’s crucial to weigh the pros and cons of each option. Both pool types have unique advantages, depending on what you’re looking for in terms of budget, space, and long-term use.

Pros and Cons of Each Pool Type

• Above-Ground Pools:
  • Pros: More affordable, quicker installation, easier to disassemble, requires less space, lower maintenance costs.
  • Cons: Less durable, limited customization, may not add much to property value, and can be less aesthetically pleasing.
• In-Ground Pools:
  • Pros: Highly customizable, long-lasting, increases property value, more visually appealing, integrates better with landscaping.
  • Cons: Higher cost, longer installation time, requires more space, more expensive maintenance over time.

Ideal Use Cases for Above-Ground Pools

An excellent option for families on a budget or homeowners with smaller backyards. They’re ideal for those looking for a temporary or flexible pool solution that doesn’t require a large-scale construction project. If you want a pool for seasonal use or have limited space, an above-ground is perfect.

Choosing the Right Pool Based on Budget and Space

Your pool choice will depend heavily on your available space and how much you’re willing to spend. It works best for small yards and tighter budgets, while in-ground pools are better suited for those who have the space, time, and financial flexibility for a long-term investment. Think carefully about how much use you’ll get from the pool and how it fits into your outdoor space before making a decision.

Pool Shape and Style

Once you’ve settled on the type of pool, it’s time to think about shape and style. Pool shape is not just about aesthetics—it can also affect maintenance, usability, and overall functionality.

Round Above-Ground Pools vs. Rectangular Pools

• Rounded: Easier to install and maintain, typically more affordable, and uses space more efficiently for smaller yards.
• Rectangular Pools: Offers a more classic, versatile shape, better for lap swimming, and provides more space for poolside lounging and entertainment.

How Pool Shape Impacts Maintenance and Usability

The shape of your pool can significantly influence how easy it is to maintain. Round pools tend to have better water circulation, making them easier to clean and balance chemically. Rectangular pools, while more versatile in function, may require more frequent cleaning due to the corners where debris can gather. The shape you choose should align with how you plan to use your pool, whether for swimming laps, family fun, or purely relaxation.

Visual Appeal vs. Practical Function

While rectangular pools may look more traditional and polished, round pools often offer a practical edge for smaller yards. It’s essential to strike a balance between visual appeal and functionality. If your goal is to have a pool that fits seamlessly into your landscape design, an in-ground rectangular pool could be the better option. However, if you’re focused on affordability and easy maintenance, a rounded one might suit your needs perfectly.

Planning Your Pool: From Design to Construction

Pool Planning Checklist

Before diving into the construction phase, having a solid pool plan is essential. Here’s a checklist to guide you through the early steps:

• Key Steps to Start Planning Your Pool:
  1. Set Your Budget: Determine how much you’re willing to spend, considering both the initial construction and long-term maintenance costs.
  2. Choose the Type of Pool: Decide between an above-ground or in-ground pool based on your budget, yard space, and long-term goals.
  3. Select the Location: Identify the ideal spot in your yard that offers enough space and sunlight, while ensuring there are no utility lines below.
  4. Research Contractors: Find reputable contractors if you’re opting for an in-ground pool to ensure a smooth building process.
• Considerations for Permits and Local Regulations:
  • Every area has specific rules regarding pool installation, so check with your local zoning office about building permits, safety requirements (like fencing), and any environmental regulations that may apply.
• Materials, Design, and Size Considerations:
  • Select durable materials (vinyl, fiberglass, or concrete) for your pool type, keeping in mind the maintenance needs and visual appeal. Decide on the pool’s size based on your yard dimensions and intended use.

Pool Size Charts and Price Breakdown

Choosing the right pool size is crucial for making sure it fits your yard and meets your needs. Here’s a breakdown of pool size options and how they affect pricing:

• Size Chart: ShapeSmall (12–18 ft)Medium (18–24 ft)Large (24–30 ft)Round PoolSuitable for small families or limited space great for mid-size families, more swimming space ideal for large families, pool partiesRectangular PoolSimilar range but more suited for lap swimming or yard designs requiring a rectangular layout
• Understanding Pool Size Options for Round and Rectangular Pools:
  • Round Pools: More efficient for small spaces and provide a cost-effective solution.
  • Rectangular Pools: Ideal for those who want to swim laps or prefer a more classic design, but usually require more space and a higher budget.
• Sizes and Prices:
  • Prices vary widely depending on the size and materials used:
    • Small Pools: $1,000 to $3,000
    • Medium Pools: $3,000 to $6,000
    • Large Pools: $6,000 to $10,000+
  • Keep in mind that larger pools will also increase costs for installation, maintenance, and accessories like pumps and covers.

Pool Construction Timelines

Building a pool takes time, and understanding the expected timeline will help you manage the process more smoothly:

• Step-by-Step Breakdown of the Pool Building Process:
  1. Initial Planning and Design (2-4 weeks): This includes creating the design, obtaining permits, and finalizing materials.
  2. Excavation and Installation (1-2 weeks for above-ground, 4-8 weeks for in-ground): Excavation for in-ground pools or site preparation.
  3. Plumbing and Electrical Work (1-2 weeks): Installing the necessary plumbing and electrical connections, including filters and heaters.
  4. Customizations and Finishing Touches (2-3 weeks): Adding features like lighting, fencing, or landscaping to complete the pool area.
• Expected Timelines for Design, Excavation, and Construction:
  • Above-Ground Pools: Typically faster, with installation completed in just a few days to a week, depending on the size and complexity.
  • In-Ground Pools: Take longer, often requiring 2-3 months from start to finish, factoring in excavation, plumbing, and customizations.
• Customizing Your Pool and Final Touches:
  • Personalizing your pool with features like waterfalls, lights, or decorative tiles can add another 1-2 weeks to the project timeline, but these features can significantly enhance your pool’s overall aesthetic and functionality.

Maintenance for Beginners

Maintaining doesn’t have to be a daunting task, especially for beginners. With the right approach, you can keep your pool clean, safe, and ready for a refreshing swim at any time. Here’s a simple guide to get you started on proper pool maintenance.

Maintenance Tips

To enjoy a clean and safe pool all season long, consistent maintenance is key. Here’s what you should focus on:

• How to Keep Your Pool Clean and Safe:
  • Skim the Surface Daily: Remove leaves, bugs, and debris from the pool’s surface to prevent them from sinking and causing water contamination.
  • Vacuum Weekly: Use a pool vacuum to clean the pool floor and walls, especially if you notice dirt or algae buildup.
  • Use a Pool Cover: When your pool is not in use, covering it will prevent debris from getting in and reduce evaporation.
• Balancing Chemicals and Water pH:
  • Test the Water Regularly: It’s crucial to test the pool water 2-3 times a week to ensure the pH levels are balanced. The ideal pH range is between 7.2 and 7.6.
  • Add Chlorine and Shock the Pool: Chlorine helps disinfect the water while shocking the pool (raising chlorine levels) and can eliminate bacteria and algae after heavy use or rainstorms.
  • Alkalinity and Calcium Levels: Maintain total alkalinity between 80-120 ppm and calcium hardness between 200-400 ppm to prevent corrosion or scale buildup.
• Troubleshooting Common Pool Issues:
  • Cloudy Water: Usually caused by poor filtration or unbalanced chemicals. Clean the filter, shock the pool, and check chemical levels.
  • Algae Growth: If the water turns green or feels slimy, this is likely due to algae. Brushing the pool walls, vacuuming, and adding algaecide can help resolve this issue.
  • Low Chlorine Levels: If chlorine levels are low, the water may become unsafe to swim in. Increase chlorine dosage and retest the water. Check out above ground lap pool.

Pool Maintenance Costs

Maintaining an above-ground pool requires some investment, but with proper planning, you can keep costs manageable.

• Estimating Ongoing Maintenance Costs for Above-Ground Pools:
  • Chemicals: Expect to spend around $200-$400 annually on chemicals like chlorine, algaecide, and pH balancers.
  • Cleaning Supplies: Pool vacuums, brushes, and skimmers may cost between $100-$300 initially, depending on the quality.
  • Electricity: If your pool has a pump and filter system, running it will increase your electricity bill by about $20-$50 per month, depending on usage.
• Cost-Effective Ways to Maintain Your Pool:
  • Use a Pool Cover: As mentioned earlier, a cover prevents debris and reduces chemical usage by slowing evaporation.
  • Monitor Chemicals Regularly: Staying on top of chemical levels will help avoid costly corrections or potential damage to the pool liner or equipment.
  • Opt for Energy-Efficient Equipment: If you’re buying a new filter or pump, look for energy-efficient models that can save you money in the long run.

Pool Materials and Build Choices

Choosing the right material for your pool is one of the most important decisions in the planning process. The material you select will affect the pool’s durability, maintenance needs, and overall cost. Let’s explore the most common pool materials and help you decide which one suits your preferences and budget.

Pool Material Options

There are three popular choices for pool materials: fiberglass, vinyl liner, and gunite. Each has its own set of benefits and drawbacks that are worth considering before making your decision.

• Fiberglass Pools:
  • Durability: Fiberglass pools are pre-fabricated, making them less prone to cracking and weather damage.
  • Maintenance: They are low-maintenance, as algae and bacteria don’t stick as easily to the smooth surface.
  • Installation Time: These pools can be installed relatively quickly—sometimes within just a few weeks.
  • Cost: Typically more expensive upfront but cheaper in the long run due to lower maintenance costs.
• Vinyl Liner Pools:
  • Durability: Vinyl liners are less durable than fiberglass or gunite and need replacement every 5-10 years.
  • Maintenance: Regular maintenance is required to prevent liner tears, and care must be taken with sharp objects in the pool.
  • Installation Time: Vinyl pools can be installed quickly, often within 1-3 weeks.
  • Cost: More affordable upfront, making them a good choice for budget-conscious buyers, though long-term costs may be higher due to liner replacements.
• Gunite Pools:
  • Durability: Known for their strength, gunite pools are highly durable and can last for decades with proper maintenance.
  • Maintenance: More maintenance-intensive than fiberglass but offers the ability to customize the shape, size, and features.
  • Installation Time: Gunite pools take longer to install—usually several months—due to the need for concrete curing.
  • Cost: The most expensive option, but the investment pays off with customization and longevity.

The Benefits of Each Material Type

• Fiberglass: Easy to maintain, smooth surface prevents algae buildup, and they’re quick to install.
• Vinyl Liner: Affordable, comes in many different shapes and sizes, and can be installed relatively fast.
• Gunite: Extremely durable, customizable, and offers a luxury feel with design flexibility.

Why Gunite Is Often Recommended for Durability

Gunite pools are the top choice for those looking for longevity and customization. Made from a mixture of concrete and sand, gunite is highly resistant to wear and tear, making it ideal for larger pools and custom designs. Although they take longer to build and require more maintenance, their durability and aesthetic options make them a premium choice, especially if you plan to have your pool for many years.

With the right material, your pool will not only fit your aesthetic preferences but also meet your long-term expectations for maintenance and durability.

Installation Process

Installing may seem like a big task, but breaking it down into simple steps makes the process easier to manage. With the right preparation and attention to detail, you can ensure a smooth installation and enjoy your pool in no time.

Step-by-Step Installation Guide

Step 1: Preparing the Site

• Before installation, it’s crucial to properly prepare the site where your pool will be placed.
  • Measuring and Clearing the Area for Your Pool: Start by measuring the area and marking the perimeter where the pool will sit. Make sure the ground is level, as uneven surfaces can cause structural problems. Remove any debris, grass, or rocks to create a smooth, stable base.
  • Ground Preparation: You may need to dig or add sand to level the ground completely.

Step 2: Assembling the Pool

• Once your site is ready, it’s time to assemble the pool components.
  • Key Installation Steps for a Round Above-Ground Pool: Begin by laying out all parts and checking the instruction manual. Assemble the bottom track and connect it to the vertical supports. Place the pool wall into the track, securing it firmly as you go around the pool’s perimeter. Ensure the wall is even and smooth, avoiding bends or gaps.

Step 3: Liner and Foundation

• The pool liner is an essential component for waterproofing and comfort.
  • Tips for Properly Installing the Pool Liner and Securing the Foundation: Spread out the liner evenly inside the pool, making sure it’s centered and wrinkle-free. It’s best to install the liner on a warm day, as the heat helps stretch and smooth the material. Once the liner is in place, begin filling the pool with water slowly, smoothing out any remaining wrinkles. At the same time, secure the liner to the pool walls. Check out How To Heat A Pool Fast | Pool Heating Options.

Step 4: Finishing the Installation

• With the pool in place and the liner secured, it’s time to finish up.
  • Adding Water, Installing Accessories, and Securing the Structure: Continue filling the pool to the recommended level. While the pool fills, install key accessories like the ladder, pump, and filtration system. Finally, check all connections, tighten bolts, and ensure the structure is secure before using your pool.

Installation Cautions

Installing requires some precautions to ensure safety and avoid future issues.

• Safety Precautions During Installation: Always follow manufacturer guidelines and use proper tools when assembling the pool. If you’re working with electrical components like pumps, make sure they are properly grounded and away from water sources during setup.
• Common Installation Mistakes to Avoid:
  • Uneven Ground: Failing to level the ground can cause the pool walls to collapse or shift over time.
  • Improper Liner Installation: Wrinkles in the liner can lead to leaks or tears down the road. Take your time to smooth it out during installation.
  • Overtightening Bolts: While it’s important to ensure the structure is secure, overtightening bolts can lead to damage. Tighten them just enough for stability.

Pool Accessories & Enhancements

Pool accessories not only add convenience but also improve the overall functionality, safety, and appearance of your pool. Whether it’s essential equipment like filters or aesthetic upgrades like lighting, the right accessories can transform your swimming experience.

Must-Have Pool Accessories

Pool Ladders, Pumps, and Filters

• Pool Ladders: A pool ladder is an essential accessory, especially for above-ground pools, providing easy and safe access to the pool. Make sure to choose a sturdy, slip-resistant ladder that fits the height and style of your pool.
• Pumps: A good-quality pump is the heart of your pool’s filtration system, helping to circulate water and keep it clean. Proper water circulation ensures that the chemicals you add to the pool are evenly distributed, which helps maintain balanced water quality.
• Filters: The filter works in conjunction with the pump to remove debris, dirt, and other impurities from the water. Depending on your pool type and size, you can choose from cartridge, sand, or DE (diatomaceous earth) filters. Keeping your filter clean and regularly maintained is critical for the overall health of your pool.

Enhancing Your Pool with Upgrades Like Pool Covers and Lighting

• Pool Covers: A pool cover serves multiple purposes: it helps keep debris out when the pool is not in use, reduces evaporation, and maintains water temperature. For added convenience, you can invest in automatic or solar covers, which also help to save energy.
• Lighting: Adding underwater or surrounding lights can dramatically enhance the aesthetic appeal of your pool, especially for evening swims. LED lighting is energy-efficient and allows you to customize colors and intensity to match your mood or events. Lights also improve safety by illuminating the pool area at night, reducing the risk of accidents.

How Accessories Impact Your Pool’s Functionality and Appearance

Investing in the right accessories not only improves the day-to-day operation of your pool but also boosts its overall visual appeal. A well-maintained filtration system keeps the water crystal clear, while upgrades like lighting and covers add both safety and luxury to your pool experience.

Additionally, adding thoughtful accessories enhances convenience, allowing you to enjoy your pool with minimal hassle. Whether you’re focused on aesthetics, functionality, or both, accessories play a significant role in creating the perfect pool setup for your home.

Cost of Building and Maintaining an Above-Ground Pool

Understanding the full cost of building and maintaining is crucial to making an informed decision. While the initial cost of a pool kit may seem straightforward, there are additional expenses to consider, such as ongoing maintenance, necessary equipment, and potential upgrades.

Pool Kit Price Breakdown

The price of the kit largely depends on the size, material, and brand you choose. Here’s a breakdown to help guide your expectations:

• Pool Kit Pricing Based on Size and Materials:
  • Small Pools (12–18 feet): These kits typically range from $1,000 to $3,000. Smaller pools are great for families with limited backyard space or those looking for a budget-friendly option.
  • Medium Pools (18–24 feet): Prices range from $3,000 to $6,000, offering more space for swimming and additional features like reinforced frames and better liners.
  • Large Pools (24–30+ feet): Larger pools can cost anywhere from $6,000 to $10,000 or more, depending on the material and brand. These pools often come with premium materials and additional equipment like ladders and skimmers.
• Comparing Different Brands and Their Features:
  • Intex Pools: Known for affordability and ease of installation, Intex offers durable above-ground pools in both round and rectangular shapes. Kits often include basic pumps and ladders.
  • Bestway Pools: Another budget-friendly option, Bestway focuses on affordability while providing pools with reinforced frames and UV-resistant liners.
  • Hayward Pools: For those seeking higher-end features, Hayward pools come with more durable materials, better filtration systems, and longer warranties, which contribute to a higher upfront cost.

Additional Costs to Consider

Beyond the initial purchase, several other costs will influence your total investment in an above-ground pool:

• Liner Price, Pump & Filter Price, and Other Hidden Costs:
  • Liner Price: Pool liners need to be replaced every 5-10 years. Prices for replacement liners range from $100 to $500, depending on the size and quality.
  • Pump & Filter Price: A standard pump and filter system can cost between $150 and $500. Higher-end models or energy-efficient systems may cost more upfront but reduce operating costs over time.
  • Other Hidden Costs: You may need to purchase additional items like ladders ($100-$300), pool covers ($50-$400), and maintenance tools such as vacuums and skimmers ($50-$200).
• Pool Upgrades and Their Effect on Your Budget:
  • Heaters: If you plan to extend your swimming season or maintain a comfortable water temperature, adding a pool heater can cost anywhere from $1,000 to $3,000, depending on the type and efficiency.
  • Decking: Many pool owners add a deck around their pool to enhance the look and usability. A basic wooden deck can range from $1,000 to $5,000, with more elaborate designs costing significantly more.
  • Lighting and Landscaping: To enhance the aesthetic appeal, adding lighting and landscaping around the pool may add another $500 to $3,000, depending on the complexity.

Landscaping and Enhancing the Space Around Your Pool

By investing in the right mix of greenery, privacy elements, and design features, you’ll not only enjoy your pool more but also add value to your home.

Landscaping for Aesthetic Appeal and Privacy

Best Plants and Greenery for Around Your Pool

When selecting plants for your pool area, it’s important to choose low-maintenance greenery that can handle the splash of chlorinated or saltwater while thriving in full sunlight. Some of the best plant options include:

• Ornamental Grasses: These grasses, like fountain grass or pampas grass, add height and movement without shedding too many leaves or flowers into the pool.
• Succulents: Plants like agave or yucca are drought-resistant, making them ideal for hot, sunny pool areas. Their minimal leaf drop reduces cleanup around the pool.
• Tropical Plants: For a more lush, tropical look, consider planting birds of paradise, palm trees, or hibiscus, which provide color and a vacation-like vibe.
• Evergreen Shrubs: Boxwood and junipers offer year-round privacy and are low-maintenance, making them ideal for bordering the pool area.

Creating a Visually Appealing and Private Pool Area

Landscaping isn’t just about looks—it’s also about comfort and privacy. Here’s how you can design a pool area that feels like a secluded getaway:

• Privacy Screens: Tall plants like bamboo or hedges can create natural barriers between your pool and neighboring yards, offering both beauty and privacy. For a more solid structure, consider adding lattice or wooden screens covered with climbing vines like ivy or clematis.
• Layered Landscaping: Using layers of plants at varying heights can add depth and visual interest. Place shorter shrubs and flowers closer to the pool, with taller plants or trees in the background for a balanced look.
• Hardscaping Features: Stone paths, gravel, or wooden decking around the pool not only complement the greenery but also create distinct zones, like lounging areas or outdoor dining spots, enhancing both function and aesthetics.

How Landscaping Can Increase Your Pool’s Value

Strategically designed landscaping can boost your property’s value by making the pool area more inviting and functional. Thoughtfully placed plants and hardscaping can make a small yard look larger, and privacy elements can transform your pool into a personal retreat, appealing to potential homebuyers.

Additionally, a well-landscaped pool area can increase curb appeal, which can positively impact resale value. Check out Above Ground Pool Costco | Costco Inflatable Pool

Downloadable Pool Guides

For those who prefer a convenient, all-in-one resource, having a downloadable pool guide can be incredibly helpful. Whether you’re in the early stages of planning or maintaining your pool, a detailed PDF guide ensures you have the necessary information at your fingertips.

Swimming Pools Guide PDF

Access Your Free PDF Guide with All Pool Planning, Sizing, and Maintenance Information

Download our comprehensive Swimming Pools Guide PDF for free, and get access to all the vital information you need to plan, build, and maintain your pool. The guide includes:

• Step-by-step instructions for pool planning and construction.
• Detailed size charts and pricing breakdowns for above-ground pools.
• Maintenance tips tailored for beginners, including balancing water chemicals and troubleshooting common issues.
• Additional tips on enhancing your pool area with accessories and landscaping ideas.

Why a Printable Guide is Useful for Planning

A printable guide offers flexibility and convenience, allowing you to reference it during every stage of your pool project without having to constantly search for information online. With everything in one place, the Swimming Pools Guide PDF becomes an essential tool for anyone serious about creating and maintaining their dream pool.

Guide to Pools: All You Need To Know to Choose Your Perfect Pool

What are the wellness benefits of swimming?

How does swimming contribute to stress relief?

Swimming provides a low-impact, full-body workout that promotes relaxation and reduces stress by releasing endorphins, the body’s natural mood-boosting hormones. The rhythmic movement of swimming can also help calm the mind and alleviate tension.

What cardiovascular benefits does swimming offer?

Swimming is an excellent cardiovascular exercise that strengthens the heart and improves circulation. It helps lower blood pressure, cholesterol levels, and the risk of heart disease, making it an effective way to maintain heart health and overall fitness.

Can swimming improve overall well-being?

Yes, swimming offers numerous benefits for overall well-being, including improved muscle tone, flexibility, and coordination. It promotes better sleep, increases energy levels, and can even aid in weight management.

Additionally, the soothing nature of water can have a calming effect on the mind, promoting mental clarity and emotional well-being. Check out SOLAR POOL VACUUM CLEANER | BEST SOLAR POOL SKIMMER